Partial testicular torsion: flow does not clear it

Question 1Why can colour flow persist in partial torsion?

1. aColour Doppler is never accurate
2. bThe testis makes its own blood supply
3. cThe veins are blocked before the arteries
4. dThe cord cannot twist partially

Question 2Which arterial waveform suggests partial torsion?

1. aHigh resistance, with reduced, absent or reversed diastolic flow
2. bLow resistance with continuous forward diastolic flow
3. cIncreased flow on both sides
4. dNo waveform change

Question 3A boy with sudden pain and vomiting has colour flow in both testes. What next?

1. aDischarge with analgesia
2. bUrgent urology review: flow does not exclude torsion
3. cDiagnose epididymo-orchitis
4. dRepeat the scan next week

Question 4Where else should you look for supporting signs?

1. aThe kidneys
2. bThe bladder
3. cThe inguinal lymph nodes only
4. dThe spermatic cord, for a twist

Question 5Why compare both testes with the same settings?

1. aBecause one testis is always abnormal
2. bIt is not necessary
3. cTo save time
4. dReduced flow or a changed waveform shows only against the normal side