LVOT VTI: trend the same window

Question 1What makes two LVOT VTI measurements comparable?

1. aOne beat before and one after treatment
2. bThe same window, gate position and tracing method
3. cAny apical view which shows the ventricle
4. dThe same machine brand only

Question 2If the outflow tract stays the same size, what does VTI mainly track?

1. aStroke volume
2. bSystemic vascular resistance
3. cEjection fraction only
4. dLeft atrial pressure

Question 3Why record the heart rate alongside VTI?

1. aCardiac output depends on both stroke volume and heart rate
2. bVTI cannot be measured below 100 beats a minute
3. cHeart rate changes the outflow tract diameter at once
4. dThe ECG is needed only to store the image

Question 4How should you measure VTI in atrial fibrillation?

1. aNo change is needed, as VTI is exact in atrial fibrillation
2. bUse one beat at random
3. cAverage several representative beats
4. dTrace the tallest beat only

Question 5VTI rises after a passive leg raise. How should you describe this?

1. aSupportive evidence of a rise in stroke volume, read with the whole assessment
2. bProof of normal ventricular function
3. cA direct measure of blood pressure
4. dProof that the patient needs a fluid bolus